The state also has reserves of silver and coal. Profits from mining have come with an environmental cost, however. Mine waste has polluted the San Pedro and Sonora Rivers and threatened their watersheds.
Sonora shares its northern international border with the states of Arizona and New Mexico. Its western boundary on land is the Mexican state of Baja California Norte and farther south its western border is where the desert meets the Gulf of California. To its east is the Mexican state of Chihuahua, and its southern border is with the Mexican state of Sinaloa. The state has three distinct geographical areas that separate the state into longitudinal thirds.
From west to east, they are: The coast and its semi-arid grasslands; Rolling hills and flat plains; and the Sierra Madre Occidental mountainous area that characterizes its border with Chihuahua. Human history in Sonora dates back 32, years to the Pleistocene Epoch. Nomadic hunter-gatherer groups began to settle in communities and practice agriculture as early as B. One of the most prominent Jesuit missionaries was Padre Eusebio Francisco Kino, who established 24 Catholic missions in Northern Sonora before his death in The Jesuits were expelled from Spanish territories in The following year the Franciscans arrived and began to establish their presence in Sonora, including the rebuilding of original Kino missions.
Spanish colonization ended in with the end of the Mexican War of Independence from Spain. The post-colonization era in Sonora has included economic and infrastructure growth, but also conflict and a major loss of land area. But it ceded major areas of land after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in and the Gadsden Purchase of , for a combined total loss of 42, square miles, or , square kilometers of land area.
The rest of the century had largely peaceful economic growth and prosperity for the state, which has one of the highest standards of living of all Mexican states.
The only exceptions to this rule are the Yaqui and Mayo rivers, crossing valleys bearing the same names, and which are in fact the only in the state used for agricultural purposes. With a dry or very dry climate, the lowest lands of the state reach disturbingly high temperatures; the Altar Desert, located within its limits, is in fact the driest zone in the whole of Mexico, not a small feat by any measure.
However, up in the high sierras,climate turns temperate and sub-humid with an annual average rainfall of 1, mm. Meanwhile, the arid plains are home to all sort of cactus, and to a fauna that has naturally developed special skills in order to survive such extreme conditions, species consisting mainly of lizard, iguana, coyote, chameleon, rabbit, hare and tarantula. Finally, in the other environment contained within the state, that of the coasts along the Gulf of California, plenty of heron and seagull circle the skies over an endless sea filled with species such as lobster, prawn, tuna, eel, catfish, sardine, sawfish, shrimp, crab, sea-bream, goldfish, and octopus.
There are several dates that are considered important in Read more Spring Break will be from February 28 to April 5 in Read more Mexican Cinema is currently composed by a history, values Read more Mexican syndicalism originated during the first decades o When the Baja Peninsula separated from mainland Mexico roughly twelve million years ago, it left the mid-region of Sonora with center plains and flatlands.
While the region lacks water, the lands are essentially fertile due to the rivers that brought volcanic sediment to settle from the Sierra Madre Occidental peaks. The coastal region, all miles of it, faces the calm waters of the Sea of Cortez.
The beaches are popular among residents of the country as well as travelers from abroad. The mountains dominate the landscape of eastern Sonora, however. Because of its high altitude, this part of the state tends to receive more rain. The state is also home to incredible drylands like those of the Sonoran and Altar Deserts.
Animals that make their home in Sonora include mule deer, coyote, jaguar, wolf, and various types of reptiles. While parts of Sonora remain hot in the extreme, the state enjoys a sunny climate nearly throughout the year. Archeologists believe that the region of Sonora likely witnessed settlements around B. Early groups in the area were the Mayos and the Yaquis. Both tribes were known for their aggressive territorialism and fierce practices. Although the Spanish entered the area in , they did not enter Sonora until Even as other Spanish arrived to try to search for the wealth of found settlements, fierce indigenous uprisings occurred until well into the seventeenth century.
Moreover, culturally it remained difficult for the indigenous people to reconcile their way of life with Catholic and Spanish culture. At the time of the War for Independence , Sonora greatly supported the overthrow of Spanish rule. However, even after independence during the nineteenth century, considerable political turmoil ensued. Thousands of indigenous people were killed during the Diaz dictatorship when they protested their marginal status in the nation and demand their share of rights.
Not surprisingly, the state was enthusiastically in favor of the Mexican Revolution that overthrew the Diaz regime.
Today, the state benefits from immense trade with the U. Perhaps best known for its holiday destination Puerto Penasco , more famously known in the U. The desert and mountain regions offer extreme eco-activities like four-wheeling , mountain climbing, rock climbing, hiking, and camping.
The beaches on the tranquil Sea of Cortez are known for their water sport like scuba and snorkeling. Sport Fishing is a major tourist draw as well. Aside from Puerto Penasco, the capital, Nogales, and Guaymas are also popular hubs for tourism.
Hermosillo is centrally in the northern corridor of the state on a plain of the Sonoran Desert, the capital city has been an area of settlement for roughly three thousand years.
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