On 7 October , hearing that the SS were planning to liquidate the Sonderkommando , the revolt began. Crematorium IV was blown up and set on fire. Members of the SS were attacked with hammers and rocks. Prisoners cut through the barbed wire fence and began to escape. The majority of those who escaped were caught and executed, along with other prisoners involved in the revolt.
The four women who smuggled the gunpowder were publicly hanged. Since , Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial and Museum in Jerusalem has been honouring non-Jewish individuals around the world who risked their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust. During the Nazi period everyone had to make moral choices. Some people became perpetrators, others were bystanders. A small and brave minority chose to help the persecuted — these are the rescuers and helpers.
This was an extraordinary selfless choice. It meant risking not only their own lives but the lives of their own family and children. Many paid with their lives. None succeeded in halting the Holocaust, but many people survived as a result of their efforts. Those regarded as rescuers may have hidden someone for a few hours, overnight, or for two or three years.
Some may have saved one life, others saved thousands. Whatever the scale each deed was as significant as each other. Stories of rescuers are found in every Nazi-occupied country and from all walks of life. One family who went into hiding was the family of Anne Frank, who became famous after the war for the diary she kept whilst she was in hiding. The Franks hid in a secret attic annex in Amsterdam from July to August The family relied on the help of family friends and colleagues for food and clothing.
After a tip off, the Gestapo discovered the annex in and arrested everyone inside. On 20 November , Sanjuk escaped from Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp. On 27 November , he was recaptured and brought to the main camp at Buchenwald, where, on 18 December , he was declared dead. On 20 January , she was arrested by the Nazis and imprisoned in the Caserne Dossin transit camp in Mechelen.
On 19 April , she was put on a deportation train headed to Auschwitz. This list of names shows who was on that transport. Leo Bretholz pictured in the top centre of this photograph at his Bar Mitzvah was born in Vienna in On 6 November , he was put on a train from Drancy, an internment camp in the north of France, to Auschwitz.
Bretholz and his childhood friend Manfred Silberwasser decided to jump off the train and escape the transport. Both survived the war. In , as the Soviet Army approached, she and other prisoners were transported away from Auschwitz. During a stop between stations, she escaped from the train and made her way back to Berlin, where she had her tattoo removed and worked under a false identity in a military clothing depot.
Many hundred Jews resisted the Nazis by escaping from deportation trains on route to extermination , concentration , or labour camps. Several factors influenced whether or not people attempted to escape from the deportation trains, including: knowledge of the purpose of deportations, knowledge of successful escapes, geographical location of the transit camps i.
Breholz and Silberwasser were two young men who had been neighbours in Vienna. They both understood that their deportation to Auschwitz would end in death, and therefore they decided to attempt to jump and escape the moving train. Those inside their train carriage heard their plan. The two men were successful, and both survived the war.
Just four men from their train of over one thousand Jews, including Silberwasser and Bretholz, survived the Holocaust. Although many of those who arrived at the extermination camps were killed immediately, some were kept alive to be used as forced labour. In hybrid camps, such as Auschwitz-Birkenau , or in concentration camps, such as Mauthausen, less people were killed on arrival than at purely extermination camps, such as Treblinka.
Others acted individually or in smaller groups of three or four people. In total, approximately prisoners attempted to escape from Auschwitz, although only of these were successful. This became known as the Beer Hall Putsch. The exhibition promoted antisemitic stereotypes. On 9 November , Kristallnacht took place. Throughout Germany, synagogues were burned and Jewish businesses were looted by the Nazis. On 8 November , labourer Georg Elser attempted to assassinate Hitler.
Elser was later murdered in Dachau concentration camp. On 20 November , the Nuremberg trials began. Twenty one top level Nazis were tried for crimes against humanity and war crimes.
Section: Resistance, responses and collaboration. What was the Holocaust? Life before the Holocaust Antisemitism How did the Nazis rise to power? Life in Nazi-controlled Europe What were the ghettos and camps? How and why did the Holocaust happen?
Resistance, responses and collaboration Survival and legacy Resources Educational Resources Timeline Survivor testimonies About us How to use this site. Advanced content hidden Showing advanced content. Ghettos Following the start of the Second World War in September , the Nazis imprisoned hundreds of thousands of Jews in ghettos across occupied Europe. Camps As with ghettos, armed resistance in camps was extremely difficult to organise and carry out.
Partisans — Bielski brothers The Bielski brothers were a group of partisans who survived the Holocaust by hiding in the forests of Belorussia.
Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library. Hitler assassination attempts Several individuals and groups attempted to resist the Nazis by murdering their leader, Adolf Hitler. The assassination of Heydrich Other leading Nazis were targets of assassination. Agnes describes the help offered by family friends. Hiding in plain sight For those who decided to hide in plain sight by changing their identity, it was key to obtain false papers as quickly as possible as there were regular identity checks in wartime and papers were often needed to obtain items such as rationed food.
There they joined Soviet partisan units or formed separate partisan units to harass the German occupiers. Although many Jewish council Judenrat members cooperated under compulsion with the Germans until they themselves were deported, some, such as Jewish council chairman Moshe Jaffe in Minsk, resisted by refusing to comply when the Germans ordered him to hand over Jews for deportation in July Jewish prisoners rose against their guards at three killing centers.
At Treblinka in August and Sobibor in October , prisoners armed with stolen weapons attacked the SS staff and the Trawniki -trained auxiliary guards. The Germans and their auxiliaries killed most of the rebels, either during the uprising or later, after hunting down those who escaped.
Several dozen prisoners eluded their pursuers and survived the war, however. Nearly died during the fighting; the SS guards shot another after the mutiny was suppressed. Several days later, the SS identified five women, four of them Jewish, who had been involved in supplying the members of the Sonderkommando with explosives to blow up a crematorium. All five women were killed. In many countries occupied by or allied with the Germans, Jewish resistance often took the form of aid and rescue.
Jewish authorities in Palestine sent clandestine parachutists such as Hannah Szenes into Hungary and Slovakia in to give whatever help they could to Jews in hiding.
Jews in the ghettos and camps also responded to Nazi oppression with various forms of spiritual resistance. They made conscious attempts to preserve the history and communal life of the Jewish people despite Nazi efforts to eradicate the Jews from human memory. These efforts included: creating Jewish cultural institutions, continuing to observe religious holidays and rituals, providing clandestine education, publishing underground newspapers, and collecting and hiding documentation, as in the case of the Oneg Shabbat archive in Warsaw that would tell the story of the Jews in the Warsaw ghetto, despite its destruction in Gutman, Israel.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, Krakowski, Shmuel. New York: Holmes and Meier, Rudavsky, Joseph. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson,
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